Combining Food Frequency and Survey Data to Quantify Long-Term Dietary Exposure: A Methyl Mercury Case Study

Twenty-four-hour recall data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) are frequently used to estimate dietary exposure for risk assessment. Food frequency questionnaires are traditional instruments of epidemiological research; however, their application in dietary exposure and risk assessment has been limited. This article presents a probabilistic method of bridging the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) food frequency and the CSFII data to estimate longitudinal (usual) intake, using a case study of seafood mercury exposures for two population subgroups (females 16 to 49 years and children 1 to 5 years). Two hundred forty-nine CSFII food codes were mapped into 28 NHANES fish/shellfish categories. FDA and state/local seafood mercury data were used. A uniform distribution with minimum and maximum blood-diet ratios of 0.66 to 1.07 was assumed. A probabilistic assessment was conducted to estimate distributions of individual 30-day average daily fish/shellfish intakes, methyl mercury exposure, and blood levels. The upper percentile estimates of fish and shellfish intakes based on the 30-day daily averages were lower than those based on two- and three-day daily averages. These results support previous findings that distributions of "usual" intakes based on a small number of consumption days provide overestimates in the upper percentiles. About 10% of the females (16 to 49 years) and children (1 to 5 years) may be exposed to mercury levels above the EPA's RfD. The predicted 75th and 90th percentile blood mercury levels for the females in the 16-to-49-year group were similar to those reported by NHANES. The predicted 90th percentile blood mercury levels for children in the 1-to-5-year subgroup was similar to NHANES and the 75th percentile estimates were slightly above the NHANES.     

明清浙东学术与宁波商帮发展

明清浙东学术与宁波商帮之间,实有相辅相成的内在渊源。浙东学派猛烈抨击儒家传统经济伦理,提出了“新四民”、“工商皆本”、“国家不可病商以滋弱”等主张,而孕育这先进的经济伦理观的社会基础,正是宁波悠久的贸易传统和崇商敬贾的社会风尚;理论又反过来推动儒生弃书服贾,使“宁波帮”发展壮大,成为中国十大商帮之一。     

贪污罪要件及共同贪污定性新论

贪污罪的行为对象虽是公共财物,但也包括非公共财物;其犯罪主体的本质在于从事公务;所谓利用职务便利,是以利用本人的职务便利即直接利用为原则,但也包括间接利用即借助于他人的职务便利;间接利用的成立须以利用者在职务上足以制约被利用者并且同属于一个单位为必需。共同贪污的定性宜以主犯决定说为原则,辅之以身份犯决定说和实行犯决定说。     

谈我国学术期刊的脱困

目前,学术期刊被称作“市场拒绝类期刊”,其处境艰难。文章分析了我国当今学术期刊所面临的问题,提出了学术期刊走出低谷的几点良策。     

论邓小平“解放思想”的战略意义

邓小平“解放思想”理论是开辟新时期新道路的宣言书 ,具有划时代的重大意义 :建立了一个新的中央领导集体 ;确立了一条新的党的基本路线 ;创立了一个建设有中国特色社会主义的新理论 ;开辟了一条建设社会主义的新道路     

中国绿色食品发展的四个选择

绿色产业被视为 2 1世纪的朝阳产业 ,绿色食品是绿色产业的重要内容 ,发展中国的绿色食品面临品种、市场、产业模式、生产基地四个选择 ,必须认真对待。     

An Empirical Test of Competing Theories of Hazard-Related Trust: The Case of GM Food

Few scholars doubt the importance of trust in explaining variation in public perception of technological risk. Relatively little, however, is known about the particular types of judgments that people use in granting or withholding trust. This article presents findings from an empirical study that explores several dimensions of trust relevant for citizens' judgments of scientists involved in the development of GM food. The relationship between particular dimensions of trust and perceptions of GM food risk is also explored, using structural equation modeling. Results suggest that trust judgments based on the perception of shared values are most important in relation to GM food risk, but that judgments about scientists' technical competence are also important.     

Steps in the Right Direction,Against the Odds,An Evaluation of a Community‐Based Programme Aiming to Reduce Inactivity and Improve Health and Morale in Overweight and Obese School‐Age Children

The study describes an evaluation of a 48‐week physical activity and nutritional education programme for overweight/obese school‐age children using quantitative and qualitative methods. The majority of participants were obese or severely obese when enrolled, and while some improvements in body mass index, self‐esteem and engagement in a range of physical activities were noted, difficulties in evaluating a complex community‐based intervention were highlighted. Children, parents and health professionals described a range of benefits from attending the programme but more intensive services are likely to be needed for the most seriously obese children and for those families resisting intervention.     

宋代食品价格与餐费考察

宋代城市的肉类价格比较贵.大观年间,牛肉每斤100文;绍兴末,平江府羊肉每斤900文,连薪俸低的小官员也吃不起.宋徽宗时的冬季,开封市场上从黄河等外地运来的鱼,每斤不上100文.宋徽宗时,开封市场上的笼饼每枚7文,一份小吃价格一般在10-20文之间.熙宁年间,一位民夫吃顿带酒水的饭一般在10文左右.端平年间的临安城,饭店内酒菜的价格比较贵,最少也要100文,多者5贯.南宋官员互相之间的宴请,一次花费数千贯,盖公款消费矣.而高官的一场豪华宴席,一般会上万贯.宋代的中央及州县学校,学生伙食费由官府支拨.宋徽宗时,太学外舍生每天为41.3文,内舍生为43.3文.北宋中期,军官伙食费平均每天100文.     

酒泉地区美食文化旅游资源开发之我见——以酒泉宾馆主题文化宴的设计为例

酒泉餐饮文化源远流长,地方风味小吃、美味佳肴品种繁多。把饮食文化与旅游活动相结合,无疑会推进旅游业的发展,深层次挖掘饮食文化资源,开发多种特色饮食文化旅游,才能更好地弘扬酒泉饮食文化,提高该地区文化旅游的综合吸引力,促进餐饮业和旅游业的进一步发展。